Any automobile (both engine and transmission) or industrial oil consists of two main components: base oil and a package of functional additives designed to improve the characteristics of the base oil or give it additional properties.

What oil consists of: additives

Additives that are part of the oil. Types and purpose.

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Any automobile (both engine and transmission) or industrial oil consists of two main components: base oil and a package of functional additives designed to improve the characteristics of the base oil or give it additional properties.

Base oils are the basis of the final product. The characteristics of the oil largely depend on their quality and properties. In more detail on the types of base oils and their features, we stopped in the material "Synthetics or semi-synthetics."

The second main component of the final product is the functional additives that are part of any automotive or industrial oil. Additives in oils are used to improve the properties of the final product, which cannot be obtained by changing the properties of base oils and to increase the service life of the oil (service interval) even at long-term high loads.

Basic types of additives

Surfactant Additives

Agents and dispersants
Detergents prevent the formation of high-temperature varnish and carbon deposits on the pistons of the engine and neutralize acids formed during the combustion of fuel.

Dispersants counteract the formation and accumulation of low-temperature sludge, keeping small hard particles in suspension and preventing them from settling on engine components.

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Antiwear EP Additives
Called to exclude the occurrence of boundary and dry friction between adjacent components (crankshaft and connecting rod bushings, camshaft and head pastels, blocks or hydraulic lifters, gearboxes of a mechanical gearbox, etc.). They contribute to the formation of a protective oil film on the surfaces of rubbing and contacting parts (hydrodynamic friction), provide the oil with increased resistance to mechanical punching, and prevent the occurrence of wear due to dry friction between the parts of the mechanism.

Corrosion inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors
Provide protection of metal components of mechanisms against corrosion. A water-repellent protective layer is formed that prevents the corrosive effects of oxygen, moisture and aggressive fuel combustion products.

Friction modifiers
For the correct operation of mechanical and automatic transmissions, wet tractor brakes and wet clutch systems, the oils used in them must provide a certain level of frictional effect. Friction modifiers are designed to eliminate unwanted slippage and provide the level of friction necessary for the correct operation of mechanisms. They are a kind of antipodes of antifriction additives, therefore, the ratio of the properties of antifriction additives and friction modifiers must be verified very accurately.

Oil Improving Additives

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Viscosity modifiers
Maintain the stability of the viscosity characteristics of the oil at various temperatures. They provide sufficient oil pumpability at low temperatures (easy winter start-up, reliable lubrication and minimized wear in cold weather) and prevent excessive thinning at high temperatures (oil film and oil wedge resistance, preventing boundary and dry friction).

Depressants
They prevent the coagulation of wax crystals contained in the base oil and their solidification at low temperatures, provide fluidity and pumpability of the oil in cold weather.

Repairing for sealing elements
Synthetic base oils (in particular, PAO group IV oils) tend to dry elastomers, as a result of which gaskets and oil seals lose their elasticity, “tan” and can begin to pass oil. Reducing additives maintain the sealing elements in an elastic state. They can also have a healing effect.

Protective additives

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Antioxidants
They prevent the oxidation of oil under the influence of oxygen and high temperatures, as well as the aggressive effects of fuel combustion products. Maintain the stability of the viscosity characteristics, preventing the increase in the viscosity of the oil due to its oxidation, slow down the aging process of the oil.

Metal inhibitors
During the operation of the mechanisms, the oil over time is filled with microscopic metal shavings and metal-containing fuel combustion wastes, which are catalysts for oxidation processes. Inhibitors prevent this catalytic effect and form an additional protective layer on metal parts, preventing premature oil oxidation and additional wear of mechanisms.

Foam Additives
Constant vibrations, exposure to high pressure, temperatures and components moving at high speed (for example, the crankshaft in the engine sump) contribute to foaming of the oil, which, in turn, leads to an increase in its acidity and viscosity. In addition, the foam is easily compressible, which negatively affects the bearing and hydraulic ability of the oil. Anti-foam additives are designed to neutralize or minimize foaming of oil during the operation of mechanisms.

Base oils are the basis of the final product. The characteristics of the oil largely depend on their quality and properties. In more detail on the types of base oils and their features, we stopped in the material "Synthetics or semi-synthetics."

The second main component of the final product is the functional additives that are part of any automotive or industrial oil. Additives in oils are used to improve the properties of the final product, which cannot be obtained by changing the properties of base oils and to increase the service life of the oil (service interval) even at long-term high loads.

Base oils are the basis of the final product. The characteristics of the oil largely depend on their quality and properties. In more detail on the types of base oils and their features, we stopped in the material "Synthetics or semi-synthetics."

The second main component of the final product is the functional additives that are part of any automotive or industrial oil. Additives in oils are used to improve the properties of the final product, which cannot be obtained by changing the properties of base oils and to increase the service life of the oil (service interval) even at long-term high loads.